Authenticity of Major Religious Books

Authenticity of Major Religious Books

Based on the Sunni hadith authentication method.


Group/SectBookWeak Hadith LevelFabricated Hadith LevelNotes (Using Sunni Hadith Authentication)
Mainstream SunniSahih BukhariVery LowVirtually NoneGold standard authentication
Mainstream SunniSahih MuslimVery LowVirtually NoneSecond highest authentication level
Mainstream SunniSunan Abu DawudLow-ModerateVery LowIncludes some weak but author notes them
Mainstream SunniJami' al-TirmidhiModerateLowAuthor grades many narrations
Mainstream SunniSunan al-Nasa'iLowVery LowHigh authentication standards
Mainstream SunniSunan Ibn MajahModerateLow-ModerateWeakest of the six canonical books
Mainstream SunniRiyad al-SalihinLow-ModerateVery LowAl-Nawawi selected from authenticated sources
Mainstream SunniAl-Du'afa (various authors)Very HighVery HighCollections of weak/fabricated narrators - reference work
Salafi/WahhabiMusnad Ahmad (authenticated)LowVery LowOnly authenticated portions accepted
DeobandiFadail al-A'malVery HighModerateExplicitly uses weak narrations
DeobandiHayat al-SahabaHighLow-ModerateMany unverified historical accounts
BarelviSufi hadith collectionsHighModerate-HighVarious popular but unauthentic collections
Sufi OrdersIhya Ulum al-DinHighModerate-HighAl-Ghazali used many weak narrations
Sufi OrdersHilyat al-AwliyaHighHighBiographical work with poor authentication
Tabligh JamaatFadail al-A'malVery HighModeratePrimary text despite authentication issues
Twelver ShiaAl-KafiVery HighHighMost narrators rejected by Sunni standards
Twelver ShiaMan la Yahduruhu al-FaqihVery HighHighDifferent authentication methodology
Twelver ShiaTahdhib al-AhkamVery HighHighShia-specific transmission chains
Twelver ShiaAl-IstibsarVery HighHighJurisprudential focus, weak chains
IsmailiEsoteric collectionsVery HighVery HighChains often untraceable
ZaydiZaydi-specific narrationsModerate-HighModerateMix of accepted and rejected narrators
ChristianityGospel of MatthewVery HighHighAnonymous authorship, 70+ year gap from events
ChristianityGospel of MarkVery HighHighAnonymous, earliest ~40 years after events
ChristianityGospel of LukeVery HighHighAnonymous, admits secondhand compilation
ChristianityGospel of JohnVery HighVery HighAnonymous, 60+ years after, theological overlay
ChristianityGospel of ThomasVery HighVery High2nd century Gnostic text, no chain
ChristianityInfancy Gospel of JamesVery HighVery High2nd century, pseudepigraphic
JudaismMishnahVery HighModerate-HighOral traditions, 200+ years compilation gap
JudaismBabylonian TalmudVery HighHighMulti-generational discussions, no direct chains
JudaismMidrash RabbahVery HighHighLate compilation of diverse sources
HinduismBhagavata PuranaVery HighVery HighMythological content, unclear authorship
HinduismVishnu PuranaVery HighVery HighAnonymous compilation over centuries
HinduismRamayanaVery HighVery HighEpic poetry, attributed to mythical Valmiki


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