Authenticity of Major Religious Books
Authenticity of Major Religious Books
Based on the Sunni hadith authentication method.
| Group/Sect | Book | Weak Hadith Level | Fabricated Hadith Level | Notes (Using Sunni Hadith Authentication) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mainstream Sunni | Sahih Bukhari | Very Low | Virtually None | Gold standard authentication |
| Mainstream Sunni | Sahih Muslim | Very Low | Virtually None | Second highest authentication level |
| Mainstream Sunni | Sunan Abu Dawud | Low-Moderate | Very Low | Includes some weak but author notes them |
| Mainstream Sunni | Jami' al-Tirmidhi | Moderate | Low | Author grades many narrations |
| Mainstream Sunni | Sunan al-Nasa'i | Low | Very Low | High authentication standards |
| Mainstream Sunni | Sunan Ibn Majah | Moderate | Low-Moderate | Weakest of the six canonical books |
| Mainstream Sunni | Riyad al-Salihin | Low-Moderate | Very Low | Al-Nawawi selected from authenticated sources |
| Mainstream Sunni | Al-Du'afa (various authors) | Very High | Very High | Collections of weak/fabricated narrators - reference work |
| Salafi/Wahhabi | Musnad Ahmad (authenticated) | Low | Very Low | Only authenticated portions accepted |
| Deobandi | Fadail al-A'mal | Very High | Moderate | Explicitly uses weak narrations |
| Deobandi | Hayat al-Sahaba | High | Low-Moderate | Many unverified historical accounts |
| Barelvi | Sufi hadith collections | High | Moderate-High | Various popular but unauthentic collections |
| Sufi Orders | Ihya Ulum al-Din | High | Moderate-High | Al-Ghazali used many weak narrations |
| Sufi Orders | Hilyat al-Awliya | High | High | Biographical work with poor authentication |
| Tabligh Jamaat | Fadail al-A'mal | Very High | Moderate | Primary text despite authentication issues |
| Twelver Shia | Al-Kafi | Very High | High | Most narrators rejected by Sunni standards |
| Twelver Shia | Man la Yahduruhu al-Faqih | Very High | High | Different authentication methodology |
| Twelver Shia | Tahdhib al-Ahkam | Very High | High | Shia-specific transmission chains |
| Twelver Shia | Al-Istibsar | Very High | High | Jurisprudential focus, weak chains |
| Ismaili | Esoteric collections | Very High | Very High | Chains often untraceable |
| Zaydi | Zaydi-specific narrations | Moderate-High | Moderate | Mix of accepted and rejected narrators |
| Christianity | Gospel of Matthew | Very High | High | Anonymous authorship, 70+ year gap from events |
| Christianity | Gospel of Mark | Very High | High | Anonymous, earliest ~40 years after events |
| Christianity | Gospel of Luke | Very High | High | Anonymous, admits secondhand compilation |
| Christianity | Gospel of John | Very High | Very High | Anonymous, 60+ years after, theological overlay |
| Christianity | Gospel of Thomas | Very High | Very High | 2nd century Gnostic text, no chain |
| Christianity | Infancy Gospel of James | Very High | Very High | 2nd century, pseudepigraphic |
| Judaism | Mishnah | Very High | Moderate-High | Oral traditions, 200+ years compilation gap |
| Judaism | Babylonian Talmud | Very High | High | Multi-generational discussions, no direct chains |
| Judaism | Midrash Rabbah | Very High | High | Late compilation of diverse sources |
| Hinduism | Bhagavata Purana | Very High | Very High | Mythological content, unclear authorship |
| Hinduism | Vishnu Purana | Very High | Very High | Anonymous compilation over centuries |
| Hinduism | Ramayana | Very High | Very High | Epic poetry, attributed to mythical Valmiki |